There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.

There are many similarities in the way in which the modern

world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in

India and East Africa. Here are two examples of changes which

were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders:

→ All uncultivated land was seen as wasteland by colonial

powers. It produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce.

This land was brought under cultivation. In most areas the lands

taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by

pastoralists, so expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the

decline of pastures and a problem both for Indian pastoralists

and the Maasai.

→ From the 19th century onwards, the colonial government

started imposing restrictions on the pastoral communities. They

were issued permits which allowed them to move out with their

stock and it was difficult to get permits without trouble and

harassment. Those found guilty of disobeying the rules were

severely punished.