What are the similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java?

The similarities between colonial management of the forests in Bastar

and Java were :

→ Forest laws were enacted in Java and Bastar.

→ These laws restricted villagers’ access to forests.

→ Timber could be cut from only specified forests and under close

supervision.

→ Villagers were punished for entering forests and collecting forest

products without permit.

→ Permits were issued to the villagers for entry into forests and

collection of forest products.

→ Both had a forest service.

→ Both followed a system of forestry which was known as scientific

forestry.

→ In both places Forest Acts meant severe hardship for villagers. Their

everyday practices — cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle,

collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.

→ Constables and forests guards began to harass people.